What is CNC programming?

CNC programming creates program instructions for computers to control a machine tool. CNC programming can generate a code that directs a CNC machine’s operations. Manufacturers use this Computer Numerical Control programming to instruct machinery.

CNC devices use G codes and M codes to control machining production. The G codes control the part’s positioning or tools and prepare the region for the cutting and milling process. M codes can switch on the rotation of devices and other functions, such as speed, tool number, offset, and feed.

There are different types of CNC programming. They include manual programming, CAM CNC programming, Conversational or CNC programming. 

Manual programming is ideal for simple tasks. Manual programming needs too much focus and requires the programmer to know the machine’s response. It is the most challenging thing for the programmer to visualize the program’s outcome.

CAM CNC programming

If you lack advanced maths skills, this type of CNC programming is the best for you. CAM programming overcomes all the maths issues involved by manual programming. It converts the CAD design into a CNC understandable programming language. It offers a reasonable middle ground level of expertise. CAM programming also provides more options for automation compared to manual programming.

Conversational CNC programming

Conversational programming is the easiest and ideal language for beginners or CNC starters. The operator verifies tool movements before executing the program to ensure the design’s accuracy. There’s no need to know G codes to create the required cuts; users can use straightforward language to enter the essential details. It is unable to accommodate complex paths.

What is CNC technology?

CNC technology has played a significant role in the development of industrial settings. It has helped the industries to increase production and manufacturing costs. CNC technology uses advanced machinery and languages to enhance the development of products. Machines such as CNC mills or lathes are controlled by the computer Numerical Control language. This makes it easier to manufacture the user’s products. The varying types of CNC machining processes have left a remarkable effect in the industrial sector.

What is CNC software?

CNC software programs and automates the manufacturing process. It is the digital tooling used to produce programs for CNC machines. CAD and CAM are the most common CNC software; CAD software designs the parts, resulting in drawings and solid models. CAM software takes the CAD drawings. It analyses them and uses input from the machinist or programmer to output g code from the machine controller. Other types of CNC software are CAE software and slicer software.

What is a CNC program?

To tell the device what to do, you need a CNC program. A CNC program is a list of instructions to the machine. CNC machines read G codes or M codes which make up the CNC program. G codes are a series of instructions that tells the machine what to do. A number follows the G in G code to change geometry; for example, G00 is an instruction for rapid movement. M codes control the non-geometry machine functions, including simple rotation start and stop, coolant on and off.

An example of M code is

M00 tells the machine to stop whatever function the program is currently doing.

What is CAD-CAM programming?

CAD programming uses software to create two-dimensional or three-dimensional models of physical components. CAM controls machine tools and related ones in manufacturing parts or workpieces. CAD-CAM programming designs and manufactures prototypes, production runs, and finished products. With CAD-CAM programming, you can create a digital version with specific dimensions. They feature and use the blueprint to create a natural part. Computer-Aided Manufacturing takes the CAD design and creates a tool path to manufacture it.

CNC programming for beginners

Starters in CNC programming should look for software, to begin with. Software that combines CAD and CAM is ideal for novices. If you are a beginner, it is helpful to find more accessible software that you can use and always request demos whenever possible. You have to learn computer programming skills and maths skills for the CNC programming lessons to become more accessible. Always make a schedule to get programming skills. If you want to master the CNC programming techniques, you have to put in some effort, which requires a lot of practice.

Start with simple projects. Avoid heavy projects requiring more expertise and becoming more challenging. It will be easier to tackle heavy projects if you succeed with small projects with time. Do not hesitate to ask for help whenever you are stuck during a project.

CNC programming examples

Example 1: Subprogram Joining Multiple Arcs

CNC Part Program

N10 T1 H1 M6 G43 M3

N20 F150 S250

N30 G0 X-21 Y50 Z0.5

N40 G0 Z0

N50 M98 P040050

N60 G49

N70 G0 Z50

N80 M30

Subprogram

O0050

N10 F160 S400

N20 G0 Z-2.5 G91

N30 G1 G90 X5 Y50 G41 (P1)

N40 G2 X22 Y85.23 I45 J0 (P2)

N50 G3 X78 Y85.23 R45 (P3)

N60 G2 X78 Y14.77 R45 (P4)

N70 G3 X22 Y14.77 R45 (P5)

N80 G2 X5 Y50 R45 (P1)

N90 G0 G40 X-21

N100 M99

G M S T Codes Explanation

Code

Description

G00

Rapid traverse

G01

Linear interpolation

G02

Circular interpolation CW

G03

Circular interpolation CCW

G40

Cutter compensation cancel

G41

Tool nose radius compensation left

G43

Tool length compensation + direction

G49

Tool length compensation cancel

G90

Absolute command

G91

Increment command

M03

Spindle start forward CW

M06

Tool change

M30

End of program (Reset)

M98

Subprogram call

M99

End of subprogram

T

Tool

S

Speed

F

Feed

Example 2

CNC Mill Example

G0 X30 Y-30 (P1)

G1 Y22.67 (P2)

G3 X24.07 Y26.18 R4 (P3)

G2 X-18.27 Y23.46 R50 (P4)

G3 X-23.46 Y18.27 R4 (P5)

G2 X-23.46 Y-18.27 R50 (P6)

G3 X-18.27 Y-23.46 R4 (P7)

G2 X 24.07 Y-26.18 R50 (P8)

G3 X30 Y-24.67 R4 (P9)

G1 X33

G M S T Codes Explanation

Code

Description

G0

Rapid traverse

G1

Linear interpolation

G2

Circular interpolation CW

G3

Circular interpolation CCW

M30

End of program (Reset)

How to become a CNC programmer

You do not necessarily need to have a degree to become a CNC programmer. Some employers want certified candidates. There are ( associate degrees or apprenticeship programs) in CNC precision machining, machine operations. Most employers need one to have a high school diploma or GED. Major CNC job applications demand at least five years of experience using or programming CNC machines.

To become a CNC programmer, you have to understand the basics of aerospace materials and tools. They include plastics, aluminum, stainless steel. An understanding of advanced mathematical principles and skills may come in handy.

Be ready to work in areas where noise is loud regularly because most CNC jobs take place in noisy mechanical regions.

Moreover, a CNC programmer needs skills to work with drafting software. They must understand blueprint drawings, engineering notes, and technical jargon related to CNC machines.

A CNC programmer may be required to perform the functions of a technical writer. It is an ideal decision to take a course in English, business writing, or report writing. It would help if you had the confidence to speak in front of people, especially in meetings, and it is best to get supervisory skills.